The IT Law Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Register
in: Data, Privacy, Definition

Changes: Information

Back to page
Edit
 
(36 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 14: Line 14:
   
 
{{Quote|[[intelligence]] or [[knowledge]] capable of being represented in forms suitable for [[communication]], [[storage]] or [[processing]].<ref>[[ETSI]]: Telecommunications Security; Lawful Interception (LI); Handover Interface for the Lawful Interception of Telecommunications Traffic, at 13 (2003) ([http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/101600_101699/101671/02.08.01_60/ts_101671v020801p.pdf full-text]).</ref>}}
  
{{Quote|[[intelligence]] or [[knowledge]] capable of being represented in forms suitable for [[communication]], [[storage]] or [[processing]].<ref>[[ETSI]]: Telecommunications Security; Lawful Interception (LI); Handover Interface for the Lawful Interception of Telecommunications Traffic, at 13 (2003) ([http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/101600_101699/101671/02.08.01_60/ts_101671v020801p.pdf full-text]).</ref>}}
  +
  +
{{Quote|[t]he [[intelligence]] derived from the [[data]] on or about a [[system]], or the [[intelligence]] obtained from the [[data structure|structure]] or [[data organization|organization]] of that [[data]].<ref>[[DCID 6/3]], Glossary, App. B.</ref>}}
   
 
=== Intelligence ===
  
=== Intelligence ===
Line 20: Line 22:
   
 
{{Quote|[u]nprocessed [[data]] of every description which may be used in the production of [[intelligence]].<ref>NATO Standardization Agency, NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions 2-I-4 (2008) ([http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/other/nato2008.pdf full-text]).</ref>}}
  
{{Quote|[u]nprocessed [[data]] of every description which may be used in the production of [[intelligence]].<ref>NATO Standardization Agency, NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions 2-I-4 (2008) ([http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/other/nato2008.pdf full-text]).</ref>}}
  +
  +
{{Quote|unevaluated material, at all levels of [[reliability]] and from any source, which may contain [[intelligence information]].<ref>[[Intelligence Warning Terminology]], at 23.</ref>}}
  +
  +
{{Quote|[t]he [[intelligence]] derived from the [[data]] on or about a [[system]], or the [[intelligence]] obtained from the structure or organization of that [[data]].<ref>[[DCID 6/3]], Glossary, App. B.</ref>}}
   
 
=== Law enforcement ===
  
=== Law enforcement ===
Line 31: Line 37:
 
'''Information''' is
  
'''Information''' is
   
−
{{Quote|1. [[fact|[f]acts]], [[data]], or instructions in any medium or form. 2. The meaning that a human assigns to [[data]] by means of the known conventions used in their representation.<ref>U.S. [[Department of Defense]], Joint Pub. 1–02: DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Nov. 8, 2010, as amended through May 15, 2011) ([http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1_02.pdf full-text]).</ref>}}
 +
{{Quote|1. [[fact|[f]acts]], [[data]], or instructions in any [[medium]] or form. 2. The meaning that a human assigns to [[data]] by means of the known conventions used in their representation.<ref>U.S. [[Department of Defense]], Joint Pub. 1–02: DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Nov. 8, 2010, as amended through May 15, 2011) ([http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1_02.pdf full-text]).</ref>}}
   
 
=== Office of Management and Budget ===
  
=== Office of Management and Budget ===
Line 39: Line 45:
 
{{Quote|any statement or estimate of [[fact]] or [[opinion]], regardless of form or [[format]], whether in [[numerical]], [[graphic]], or [[narrative]] form, and whether oral or maintained on paper, [[electronic]] or other [[media]].<ref>5 C.F.R. 1320.3(h).</ref>}}
  
{{Quote|any statement or estimate of [[fact]] or [[opinion]], regardless of form or [[format]], whether in [[numerical]], [[graphic]], or [[narrative]] form, and whether oral or maintained on paper, [[electronic]] or other [[media]].<ref>5 C.F.R. 1320.3(h).</ref>}}
   
−
{{Quote|any [[communication]] or representation of [[knowledge]] such as [[fact]]s, [[data]], or [[opinion]]s in any [[medium]] or form, including [[textual]], [[numerical]], [[graphic]], [[cartographic]], [[narrative]], or [[audiovisual]] forms.<ref>OMB Circular No. A-130, App. III.</ref>}}
 +
{{Quote|any [[communication]] or representation of [[knowledge]] such as [[fact]]s, [[data]], or [[opinion]]s in any [[medium]] or form, including [[textual]], [[numerical]], [[graphic]], [[cartographic]], [[narrative]], or [[audiovisual]] forms.<ref>OMB Circular No. A-130, App. III, §6.j. ''See also'' [[Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies; Republication]], at 8460.</ref>}}
−  
−
{{Quote|any [[communication]] or representation of [[knowledge]] such as [[fact]]s or [[data]], in any [[medium]] or form, including [[textual]], [[numerical]], [[graphic]], [[cartographic]], [[narrative]], or [[audiovisual]] forms.<ref>[[Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies; Republication]], at 8460.</ref>}}
  
   
 
=== U.S. Department of Justice ===
  
=== U.S. Department of Justice ===
Line 64: Line 68:
   
 
== Social and political implications ==
  
== Social and political implications ==
  +
  +
:::''Information is as vital to the healthy functioning of communities as clean air, safe streets, good schools and public health.''
  +
  +
:::::::::::— Knight Commission, [[Informing Communities: Sustaining Democracy in the Digital Age]]
   
 
While information has immense benefits and capabilities to improve our lives both individually and as a Nation, it also has dangers. Information about a person is potentially a means of influencing and controlling that person. Information challenges traditional sources of authority and institutions built on that authority. Experience, training, and education may be rendered useless by new information. Information can also erode responsibility: what was once considered a sin to be condemned or a crime to be punished may, with fuller knowledge, appear to some as an illness to be treated
 
While information has immense benefits and capabilities to improve our lives both individually and as a Nation, it also has dangers. Information about a person is potentially a means of influencing and controlling that person. Information challenges traditional sources of authority and institutions built on that authority. Experience, training, and education may be rendered useless by new information. Information can also erode responsibility: what was once considered a sin to be condemned or a crime to be punished may, with fuller knowledge, appear to some as an illness to be treated
Line 75: Line 83:
 
== See also ==
  
== See also ==
   
−
<div style="column-count:4;-moz-column-count:4;">
 +
<div style="{{column-count|4}}">
   
 
* [[Access to Information Act]]
  
* [[Access to Information Act]]
Line 81: Line 89:
 
* [[Active information]]
  
* [[Active information]]
 
* [[Adverse information]]
  
* [[Adverse information]]
  +
* [[Authentication capability information]]
 
* [[Background information]]
  
* [[Background information]]
 
* [[Bibliographic information]]
  
* [[Bibliographic information]]
Line 88: Line 97:
 
* [[Content information]]
  
* [[Content information]]
 
* [[Controlled information]]
  
* [[Controlled information]]
  +
* [[Controlled technical information]]
  +
* [[Critical energy infrastructure information ]]
 
* [[Critical information]]
  
* [[Critical information]]
 
* [[Data]]
  
* [[Data]]
 
* [[Defense information]]
  
* [[Defense information]]
  +
* [[DoD critical infrastructure security information]]
  +
* [[Emergency management information]]
  +
* [[Execution information]]
  +
* [[Fixity information]]
 
* [[Formatted information]]
  
* [[Formatted information]]
  +
* [[Genomic information]]
 
* [[Geospatial information]]
  
* [[Geospatial information]]
 
* [[Government information]]
  
* [[Government information]]
Line 100: Line 116:
 
* [[Information-based processes]]
  
* [[Information-based processes]]
 
* [[Information-based society]]
  
* [[Information-based society]]
−
* [[Information-in-warfare]]
+
* [[Information-in-warfare]]
  +
* [[Information acquisition]]
 
* [[Information Age]]
  
* [[Information Age]]
 
* [[Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate]]
  
* [[Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate]]
Line 174: Line 191:
 
* [[Information interoperability]]
  
* [[Information interoperability]]
 
* [[Information law]]
  
* [[Information law]]
  +
* [[Information leak]]
 
* [[Information life cycle]]
  
* [[Information life cycle]]
 
* [[Information literacy]]
  
* [[Information literacy]]
Line 233: Line 251:
 
* [[Informational privacy]]
  
* [[Informational privacy]]
 
* [[Law enforcement information]]
  
* [[Law enforcement information]]
  +
* [[Logistical information]]
 
* [[Mission-critical information]]
  
* [[Mission-critical information]]
 
* [[Narrative information]]
  
* [[Narrative information]]
 
* [[National security information]]
  
* [[National security information]]
  +
* [[Operational information]]
  +
* [[Operational vulnerability information]]
 
* [[Opposing information]]
  
* [[Opposing information]]
  +
* [[Performance information]]
 
* [[Police information]]
  
* [[Police information]]
  +
* [[Presence information]]
  +
* [[Prospect information]]
  +
* [[Protected critical infrastructure information]]
 
* [[Protected information]]
  
* [[Protected information]]
 
* [[Provenance information]]
  
* [[Provenance information]]
  +
* [[Purchase information]]
 
* [[Reference information]]
  
* [[Reference information]]
  +
* [[Restricted information]]
  +
* [[Security information]]
 
* [[Structure information]]
  
* [[Structure information]]
  +
* [[Substantial issue information]]
  +
* [[Surveillance information]]
 
* [[Terrorism information]]
  
* [[Terrorism information]]
 
* [[Topographical information]]
  
* [[Topographical information]]

Latest revision as of 18:21, 28 September 2019

Definitions[]

Executive Order 13526[]

Information is

“ any knowledge that can be communicated or documentary material, regardless of its physical form or characteristics, that is owned by, is produced by or for, or is under the control of the United States Government.[1] ”

General[]

Information is

“ [m]eaningful data; the result of processing data by computer or other means.[2] ”
“ intelligence or knowledge capable of being represented in forms suitable for communication, storage or processing.[3] ”
“ [t]he intelligence derived from the data on or about a system, or the intelligence obtained from the structure or organization of that data.[4] ”

Intelligence[]

Information is

“ [u]nprocessed data of every description which may be used in the production of intelligence.[5] ”
“ unevaluated material, at all levels of reliability and from any source, which may contain intelligence information.[6] ”
“ [t]he intelligence derived from the data on or about a system, or the intelligence obtained from the structure or organization of that data.[7] ”

Law enforcement[]

Information

“ includes any data about people, organizations, events, incidents, or objects, regardless of the medium in which it exists. Information received by law enforcement agencies can be categorized into three general areas: general data, tips and leads data, and criminal intelligence data.[8] ”

Military[]

Information is

“ 1. [f]acts, data, or instructions in any medium or form. 2. The meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the known conventions used in their representation.[9] ”

Office of Management and Budget[]

Information is

“ any statement or estimate of fact or opinion, regardless of form or format, whether in numerical, graphic, or narrative form, and whether oral or maintained on paper, electronic or other media.[10] ”
“ any communication or representation of knowledge such as facts, data, or opinions in any medium or form, including textual, numerical, graphic, cartographic, narrative, or audiovisual forms.[11] ”

U.S. Department of Justice[]

Information is

“ [p]ieces of raw, unanalyzed data that identify persons, evidence, or events or illustrate processes that possibly indicate the incidence of a criminal event or witnesses or evidence of a criminal event.[12] ”

U.S. federal government[]

Information is

“ any communicable knowledge or documentary material, regardless of its physical form or characteristics, that is owned by, is produced by or for, or is under the control of the Federal Government.[13] ”

Overview[]

Information is the result of processing, gathering, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the receiver. In other words, it is the context in which data is taken.

Information as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.

Many people speak about the Information Age as the advent of the Knowledge Age or knowledge society, the information society, and information technologies, and even though informatics, information science and computer science are often in the spotlight, the word "information" is often used without careful consideration of the various meanings it has acquired.

Social and political implications[]

Information is as vital to the healthy functioning of communities as clean air, safe streets, good schools and public health.
— Knight Commission, Informing Communities: Sustaining Democracy in the Digital Age

While information has immense benefits and capabilities to improve our lives both individually and as a Nation, it also has dangers. Information about a person is potentially a means of influencing and controlling that person. Information challenges traditional sources of authority and institutions built on that authority. Experience, training, and education may be rendered useless by new information. Information can also erode responsibility: what was once considered a sin to be condemned or a crime to be punished may, with fuller knowledge, appear to some as an illness to be treated or a genetic defect to be repaired. This perception can lead to imposingly difficult questions about the limits on social engineering in the context of constitutional values of personal freedom and privacy.

It is for these reasons that information, and the electronic, chemical, biological, and social technologies that generate and give access to it, often affect constitutional relationships that we are accustomed to think of as political, economic, or legal in nature. Constitutional relationships deal with power, with limitations on power, and with the balance between them. Directly or indirectly, information often generates that power, informs its limitations, or affects their proper balance.

References[]

  1. ↑ Executive Order 13526, at §6.1(t).
  2. ↑ Auditing and Financial Management: Glossary of EDP Terminology, at 9.
  3. ↑ ETSI: Telecommunications Security; Lawful Interception (LI); Handover Interface for the Lawful Interception of Telecommunications Traffic, at 13 (2003) (full-text).
  4. ↑ DCID 6/3, Glossary, App. B.
  5. ↑ NATO Standardization Agency, NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions 2-I-4 (2008) (full-text).
  6. ↑ Intelligence Warning Terminology, at 23.
  7. ↑ DCID 6/3, Glossary, App. B.
  8. ↑ Privacy and Civil Liberties Policy Development Guide and Implementation Templates, App. E, Glossary.
  9. ↑ U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Pub. 1–02: DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Nov. 8, 2010, as amended through May 15, 2011) (full-text).
  10. ↑ 5 C.F.R. 1320.3(h).
  11. ↑ OMB Circular No. A-130, App. III, §6.j. See also Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies; Republication, at 8460.
  12. ↑ Privacy, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties Compliance Verification for the Intelligence Enterprise, App. B, at 41.
  13. ↑ Designation and Sharing of Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) §(3)(h).

See also[]


This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors). Smallwikipedialogo.png
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.